Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds present in Cannabis sativa L. or Indian hemp plant. All parts of the plant contain psychoactive substances, with tetrahydrocannabinols (THC) making up the highest percentage. The most potent parts are the flowering tops and the dried, blackish-brown residue that comes from the leaves known as hashish, or “hash.”
The broader definition of cannabinoids refer to a group of substances that are structurally related to THC or that bind to cannabinoid receptors. The chemical definition encompasses a variety of distinct chemical classes: the classical cannabinoids structurally related to THC. The term cannabinoids also refers to a unique group of secondary metabolites found in the cannabis plant, which are responsible for the plant’s peculiar pharmacological effects.
Currently, there are three general types of cannabinoids:
- herbal cannabinoids occur uniquely in the cannabis plant;
- endogenous cannabinoids are produced in the bodies of humans and other animals;
- synthetic cannabinoids are similar compounds produced in a laboratory.
Cannabis-in the form of marijuana, hashish (a dried resinous material that seeps from cannabis leaves and is more potent than marijuana), or other cannabinoids - is considered the most commonly used illegal substance in the world. Its effects have been known for thousands of years, and were described as early as the fifth century B.C., when the Greek historian Herodotus told of a tribe of nomads who, after inhaling the smoke of roasted hemp seeds, emerged from their tent excited and shouting for joy.
SIGNS OF INTOXICATION
Cannabis intoxication sings appear quickly after cannabis use and usually starts with a “high” feeling followed by euphoria, inappropriate laughter, and feelings of grandiosity. Other symptoms include sedation, lethargy, impaired short-term memory, difficulty with motor tasks, impaired judgment, distorted sensory perceptions, and the feeling that time is passing unusually slowly. Sometimes severe anxiety, feelings of depression, or social withdrawal may occur. Along with these symptoms, common signs of cannabis intoxication include reddening of the membranes around the eyes, increased appetite, dry mouth, and increased heart rate.
HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
Acute (present during intoxication)
- Impairs short-term memory
- Impairs attention, judgment, and other cognitive functions
- Impairs coordination and balance
- Increases heart rate
Persistent (lasting longer than intoxication, but may not be permanent)
- Impairs memory and learning skills
Long-term (cumulative, potentially permanent effects of chronic abuse)
- Can lead to addiction
- Increases risk of chronic cough, bronchitis, and emphysema
- Increases risk of cancer of the head, neck, and lungs
Sources:
National Institute of Drug Abuse. “Drugs, Brains, and Behavior - The Science of Addiction”
The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders ©2003 by Gale.
World Health Organization.Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms
